Analisis Hubungan Paparan Asap Pembakaran Sampah dengan Kejadian Pneumonia pada Balita

Analysis of the Association Between Exposure to Waste Burning Smoke and Pneumonia Incidence Among Toddlers

Abstract

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection and remains a major public health problem among children under five years of age, particularly in developing countries such as Indonesia. Exposure to smoke from household waste burning is considered an environmental risk factor because it contains harmful pollutants that may adversely affect the respiratory system of toddlers. This study employed a quantitative case–control design conducted from January to February 2026. A total of 102 respondents were included, consisting of 34 cases and 68 controls. Consecutive sampling was used to recruit participants. Data were analyzed using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses. Among toddlers exposed to smoke from household waste burning, the proportion of high exposure was 55.88% in the case group and 39.71% in the control group. In the association between exposure to waste-burning smoke and pneumonia incidence among toddlers, parental smoking behavior and toddlers’ nutritional status were identified as confounding variables. Multivariate analysis showed that exposure to waste-burning smoke was not significantly associated with pneumonia incidence among toddlers (AOR = 1.62; 95% CI: 0.657–4.028; p = 0.294). Non-confounding variables included sex, PCV immunization status, exclusive breastfeeding, housing density, ventilation area, and mosquito coil use.