Gambaran Konsumsi Obat Pencegahan Filariasis Limfatik di Indonesia: Analisis Data SKI 2023: Overview of Lymphatic Filariasis Preventive Medication Consumption in Indonesia: Analysis of IHS 2023 Data

Muhammad Ilham Basgoro; Masrizal Masrizal; Randy Novirsa

doi:10.53579/jitkt.v6i1.324

Authors

Muhammad Ilham Basgoro Magister Epidemiologi, Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat, Universitas Andalas, Padang
Masrizal Masrizal
masrizal.dtmangguang@gmail.com
Magister Epidemiologi, Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat, Universitas Andalas, Padang
Randy Novirsa Magister Epidemiologi, Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat, Universitas Andalas, Padang

Keywords:

Drug Consumption, Indonesian Health Survey, Lymphatic Filariasis, indonesia

Abstract

Indonesia is endemic for lymphatic filariasis, with 236 endemic districts/cities. To accelerate elimination, a national Mass Drug Administration (MDA) program has been implemented across all endemic districts. By 2024, only 113 districts/cities (47.88%) had achieved elimination after attaining a microfilaria rate below 1% and passing the Transmission Assessment Survey (TAS), indicating that Indonesia remains far from its national 2030 elimination target. This study aims to describe the characteristics of individuals taking lymphatic filariasis preventive medication in Indonesia. Using secondary data from the 2023 Indonesia Health Survey with a cross-sectional design, the analysis included 94,748 individuals aged 2–70 years. The drug consumption analyzed reflects the cumulative implementation of MDA during 2018–2023. Descriptive analysis used frequencies and percentages, with mapping of consumption coverage at the district/city level. A total of 71,502 individuals (75.5%) consumed the drugs. Consumption was higher among females (75.6%), individuals aged 18–59 years (75.6%), married individuals (76.0%), and farmers (78.2%); most respondents had no comorbidities. Rural areas showed higher consumption (77.9%) than urban areas (72.6%). Nationally, coverage exceeded the WHO 65% threshold but remained below the national 85% target, with variation across regions. Many districts/cities remained below target, particularly in Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, and Papua, as well as parts of Sumatra and Nusa Tenggara. The program has reached most of the target population, yet disparities persist across regions and groups. Programs should focus on low-coverage areas through strengthened distribution, community education, and locally adapted strategies. Further research is needed to identify factors influencing low drug consumption.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

1. Nopratilova, Djafar I, Setiyaningsih R, Joprang FS, Ramadhani T, Yuwanda A, et al. Malaria and Filariasis. First Edition. Purbalingga: Eureka Media Aksara; 2023.

2. Goldin J, Juergens AL. Filariasis. 2026.

3. Cromwell EA, Schmidt CA, Kwong KT, Pigott DM, Mupfasoni D, Biswas G, et al. The global distribution of lymphatic filariasis, 2000–18: a geospatial analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2020 Sep;8(9):e1186–94.

4. Jabir M, Rahi M. Global insights can accelerate India’s journey towards the elimination of lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem. BMJ Glob Health. 2025 Jul 10;10(7):e018851.

5. WHO. News Room. 2024 [cited 2026 Mar 6]. Lymphatic filariasis. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lymphatic-filariasis

6. Lenk EJ, Redekop WK, Luyendijk M, Rijnsburger AJ, Severens JL. Productivity Loss Related to Neglected Tropical Diseases Eligible for Preventive Chemotherapy: A Systematic Literature Review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016 Feb 18;10(2):e0004397.

7. Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Profil Kesehatan Indonesia Tahun 2024 [Internet]. Jakarta; 2025 [cited 2026 Mar 7]. Available from: https://kemkes.go.id/id/profil-kesehatan-indonesia-2024

8. WHO. Weekly epidemiological record [Internet]. Geneva; 2024 [cited 2026 Mar 9]. Available from: https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/672c8ab5-daa6-42eb-b80d-0ad0f4cf8841/content

9. Widawati M, Astuti EP, Ruliansyah A, Yuliasih Y. Sociodemographic, Knowledge, and Attitude Determinants of Lymphatic Filariasis Medication Adherence in Subang, Indonesia. In: Proceedings of the 5th Universitas Ahmad Dahlan Public Health Conference (UPHEC 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press; 2020.

10. Abdul Halim AFN, Ahmad D, Miaw Yn JL, Masdor NA, Ramly N, Othman R, et al. Factors Associated with the Acceptability of Mass Drug Administration for Filariasis: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Oct 10;19(19):12971.

11. Widjanarko B, Saraswati LD, Ginandjar P. Perceived threat and benefit toward community compliance of filariasis mass drug administration in Pekalongan district, Indonesia. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2018 Oct;Volume 11:189–97.

12. Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Survei Kesehatan Indonesia 2023 [Internet]. Jakarta; 2024 [cited 2026 Mar 9]. Available from: https://www.badankebijakan.kemkes.go.id/hasil-ski-2023/

13. Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Pedoman Analisis Data SKI 2023. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2024.

14. Kementerian Kesehatan. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 94 Tahun 2014 tentang Penanggulangan Filariasis. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2014.

15. WHO. Monitoring and epidemiological assessment of mass drug administration in the global programme to eliminate lymphatic ﬁ lariasis: a manual for national elimination programmes. [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011 [cited 2025 May 20]. Available from: http://www.who,int/neglected_diseases/en

16. Dickson BFR, Graves PM, Aye NN, Nwe TW, Wai T, Win SS, et al. Risk factors for lymphatic filariasis and mass drug administration non-participation in Mandalay Region, Myanmar. Parasit Vectors. 2021 Dec 1;14(1).

17. Rilkoff H, Tukahebwa EM, Fleming FM, Leslie J, Cole DC. Exploring Gender Dimensions of Treatment Programmes for Neglected Tropical Diseases in Uganda. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013 Jul 11;7(7):e2312.

18. Abd Elaziz KM, El-Setouhy M, Bradley MH, Ramzy RMR, Weil GJ. Knowledge and Practice Related to Compliance with Mass Drug Administration during the Egyptian National Filariasis Elimination Program. The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2013 Aug 7;89(2):260–4.

19. Taddeo D, Egedy M, Frappier JY. Adherence to treatment in adolescents. Paediatr Child Health. 2008 Jan;13(1):19–24.

20. Ipa M, Astuti EP, Hakim L, Fuadzy H. Analisis Cakupan Obat Massal Pencegahan Filariasis Di Kabupaten Bandung Dengan Pendekatan Model Sistem Dinamik. BALABA: JURNAL LITBANG PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT BERSUMBER BINATANG BANJARNEGARA. 2016 Jul 28;12(1).

21. Kouassi BL, Barry A, Heitz-Tokpa K, Krauth SJ, Goépogui A, Baldé MS, et al. Perceptions, knowledge, attitudes and practices for the prevention and control of lymphatic filariasis in Conakry, Republic of Guinea. Acta Trop. 2018 Mar;179:109–16.

22. Krentel A, Fischer PU, Weil GJ. A Review of Factors That Influence Individual Compliance with Mass Drug Administration for Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013 Nov 21;7(11):e2447.

23. Santoso, Yahya, Supranelfy Y, Suryaningtyas NH, Taviv Y, Yenni A, et al. Risk of Recrudescence of Lymphatic Filariasis after Post-MDA Surveillance in Brugia malayi Endemic Belitung District, Indonesia. Korean J Parasitol. 2020 Dec 29;58(6):627–34.

24. Galgamuwa LS, Hakmanage NM, Fernando S. Risk factors of lymphatic filariasis in Asia: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis. 2025 Dec 4;25(1):1692.

25. Krentel A, Damayanti R, Titaley CR, Suharno N, Bradley M, Lynam T. Improving Coverage and Compliance in Mass Drug Administration for the Elimination of LF in Two ‘Endgame’ Districts in Indonesia Using Micronarrative Surveys. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016 Nov 3;10(11):e0005027.

26. Kusi C, Steinmann P, Merten S. The fight against lymphatic filariasis: perceptions of community drug distributors during mass drug administration in coastal Kenya. Infect Dis Poverty. 2020 Dec 2;9(1):22.

27. Njomo DW, Kimani BW, Kibe LW, Okoyo C, Omondi WP, Sultani HM. Implementation challenges and opportunities for improved mass treatment uptake for lymphatic filariasis elimination: Perceptions and experiences of community drug distributors of coastal Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020 Dec 28;14(12):e0009012.

28. WHO. Guideline ‒ Alternative mass drug administration regimens to eliminate lymphatic filariasis [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017 [cited 2026 Mar 13]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241550161

29. Hussain MA, Sitha AK, Swain S, Kadam S, Pati S. Mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis elimination in a coastal state of India: a study on barriers to coverage and compliance. Infect Dis Poverty. 2014 Sep 1;3(1):31.

30. Jabir M, Balakrishnan V, Krishnamoorthy K, Kumar A, Abraham PR. Factors influencing participation of elderly population in mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis: a cross-sectional study. Front Pharmacol. 2024 Nov 6;15.

31. Cantey PT, Rout J, Rao G, Williamson J, Fox LM. Increasing Compliance with Mass Drug Administration Programs for Lymphatic Filariasis in India through Education and Lymphedema Management Programs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010 Jun 29;4(6):e728.

32. Bhullar N, Maikere J. Challenges in mass drug administration for treating lymphatic filariasis in Papua, Indonesia. Parasit Vectors. 2010;3(1):70.